نشریه منابع آب و توسعه
پیاپی 3 (زمستان 1392)

Geographic Information System enables us to produce a map of suitability to apply combination of multiple information layers from among the spatial data and positioning processing. In this study, saturated thickness of the aquifer and specific resistivity obtained from geoelectric studies has been used in assessing groundwater potential. Due to the presence of water-soluble salts in saline areas, the specific resistivity strongly decreases. Thus, it's necessary to have a modulating factor for this significant decrease. Groundwater electrical conductivity, as a hydrogeological parameter using fuzzy logic in GIS media was combined with geoelectrical parameters. This method was investigated through a case study related to Kashan-Aran and Bidgol plain. Different implications were used in the parameters combination and then the results obtained from implications were compared with the exploiting wells located in the area and as a result Godel implication was the first priority.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the long-term relationship between per capita income and environmental quality indices. For this purpose, we used the CO2 emissions and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) per worker as a proxy for measuring air and water quality. In this paper, we used the Johansen's co-integrating technique for estimating the long-term relationship between CO2 emission and organic water pollutant with explanatory variables such as population density and growth rate of the urban population. The results of this paper show that the EKC curve is confirmed for Iranian economy during the 1980:q1-2011:q4. Moreover, the population density and urban population growth rate contributes to environmental degradation. Hence, the main implication policy of this paper is that the policy makers should adopt good policies and new technologies to reach the turning point of EKC. JEL Classification: C22: Q53:Q56

Measuring sea surface height changes has become possible with the development of satellite technologies since early 1990s. Satellite radar altimeters have been providing valuable remote observations of sea surface height (SSH) changes. These satellite missions also provide integrated data sets of closed water bodies. Kara Bogaz-Gol is one of these closed water bodies which is located in the east of the Caspian Lake. The aim of this study was to investigate height variations of Kara-Bogaz-Gol using satellite altimetry data. For this purpose, satellite altimetry missions including TOPEX, Jason-1 and Jason-2 were utilized to produce the time series. Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) were applied to satellite data to illustrate height variations of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol. Due to the proximity of the Caspian Lake and Kara-Bogaz-Gol and the influence of the Caspian Lake, there might be a relationship between surface heights of Kara-Bogaz-Gol and the Caspian Lake.

The energy consumption for heating and cooling of the living environment, to provide a standard limit of comfort, should be at an optimum level. One of the best procedures for determining the comfort threshold is the use of two thermal indices called “the heating degree day and the cooling degree day”. These two indices are used to determine the energy requirements for building heating in cool seasons and cooling in warm seasons. In this research, a method for spatial representation of these two indices is presented and the procedure to find the critical points and their departure from comfort threshold is described. By implementing the presented algorithm, one can define the relationship between the thermal indices and fossil and non-fossil fuel thermal values and on this basis predicts energy requirement in a region. The case study was Qazvin city for which spatial distribution of the heating and cooling requirements was obtained and mapped in the GIS environment by developing an existing biosystem model and implementing a special method to input data.

This research aims to determine the occurrence probability of different drought classes in Yazd province using SPI and Markov chains. The transition probability matrix of drought classes showed that the transition probability from one state to the same state is high, but from wet to dry or dry to wet is very low. Transition probability from dry to dry (PD.D) or humid to humid (PW.W) was between 52 and 80%. Probability of transition from a moderately wet state to a dry one (PN1.D) was between 0.5 and 1.5%; from moderately dry to dry (PN2.D) between 11 and 26% and probability of dry after wet (PW.D) for the most statations was zero or around zero. Analys is of drought severity maps and drought severity-areal extent cumulative curves indicated that drought in Taft region and the western parts of Ardakan was more severe than other parts of the province. These regions were under drought conditions in more than 22% of the study period. This amount decreases towards the West and the East. Drought occurrence in Tabas region was less than the other regions in the province. This trend can be observed in almost all time scales.

In this study Shirvan aquifer was simulated by PMWIN model to optimize the hydraulic parameters of this aquifer and investigate the effect of Borzo dam on the recharge water into it. The developed model was run in December 2002 (steady state). The hydraulic conductivity and the conductance coefficient of boundaries were calibrated. After calibrating the model for steady state conditions, the model was executed in an unsteady state and the hydrodynamic parameters such as specific yield recharge and discharge were determined. In the verification stage, using observed data of two water years. (i.e., 2004-2005 and 2005- 2006), the developed model was run and the results obtained from the model were compared with the observed data. According to the obtained results, the annual water budget of Shirvan aquifer for three calibration years showed an increase. In order to evaluate the effects of irrigation system of dams in different parts of the Aquifer, the study area was classified into three zones, namely eastern, central and western zones. After evaluating the budget for each of the zones, the results showed that water budget for eastern and western zones was negative, but for the central zone it was positive.

In this paper, we aimed to explain the relationship between melting ice as a source of surface water and the Stefan problem. We also presented Adomian decomposition method for a two-phase Stefan inverse problem, assuming that the moving interface is known. In this method, there is no need for linearization or discretization, application of special transformations or similar techniques. In addition, the analytical- numerical solutions of the problems are presented as a converging series which in many problems, present the solutions of a finite number of terms of the series due to the high speed of convergence. These problems have applications in different industries such as steel industry to control the processes.

Wide varieties of mineral and organic compounds obtained from natural or anthropogenic activities are categorized as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which can affect endocrine gland functions of different organisms such as aquatics. In this study, some EDCs including 17β-Estradiol, Estrone, Bisphenol A, 17α-Ethynylestradiol and 17α methyltestosterone in four different stations including Chechmeh-dimeh, Khersonak, Chamgordan and Pool-e-Safaeeyeh the Zayandehrood River were measured in autumn 2012. Among 5 different chemicals, 17β-Estradiol was measured at a level higher than 2.5 ng/l. Only 17β-Estradiol at Khersonak station located at upstream (2.7 ± 0.3 ng/l) was significantly lower than its amounts in other stations (P<0.05). Estrone was only detected in two upstream stations (Chechmeh-dimeh and Khersonak) without any significant changes between them (P>0.05). The other compounds were not detectable in any stations at the time of sampling. The results are indicative of the presence of at least some EDCs in detectable quantities in Zayandehrood River even at upstream, which can cause significant physiological changes in aquatics of the river.

The study area is Gowhar Kuh basin which is located in Loot desert in Sistan and Baloochestan province, Iran. The plotted hydrograph represents water table drop. For this reason, an artificial groundwater recharge project was carried out in order to prevent the water table from further drop. In order to determine the position of artificial recharge site, the Arc GIS and ENVI softwares were used. Thus, information layers of topographic height, slope, alluvium unsaturated thickness, water quality, permeability, stream density, fracture density, lithology and land use were obtained and then rated. These layers were combined using fuzzy logic in GIS. Finally the map made from combination of nine mentioned layers for the artificial recharge project was obtained via flood spreading method. Results showed that about 15 percent of the total area is highly suitable and 18 percent is suitable.

Factor analysis is an efficient method in advanced statistics which is used for classifying parameters (variables). In this study, 19 samples were collected from the springs of Daloo mountain in Mishvan karstic anticline in the Syakh Darengun area in Fars Province, Iran. The hydrochemical analysis was carried out using the hydrogeochemical status of the region and principle component analysis. On the basis of factor analysis, three groups of factors were identified for ground water quality. The first and second groups were associated with the internal agents and the third group associated with the external ones. Then, underground water types were determined using graphical methods, especially by drawing Piper diagrams. According to the study results, all springs are calcic carbonate except numbers 16 and 17 which have magnesia carbonate type. Also, three origins were detected for the springs of the area. The first origin is related to the layers of limestone, the second one to the shale and marl layers, and the third one has a binary origin and is the combination of these two water types.

Analyzing the trend of changes in groundwater quality is very important for programming and stable managing of water resource in every area. This study aims to use non-parametric Spearman test for analyzing groundwater quality changes trend in 24 piezometric stations located in Mazandaran plain in annual time scales, from 1373 to 1389. Hydrogeochemical parameters of groundwater such as Total Cation, Total Anion, PH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na), potassium (k), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), bicarbonate (Hco), sulphate (So) and SAR were investigated. Sen’s estimator was used to estimate line slope trend. Three significance levels, 1%, 5% and 10% were used to test the trends. The results showed that the line slope of the density changes of groundwater qualitative variables was downward in 43 percent of variables and upward in 57 percent of them. The most positive trend, which was identified with statistic Z (7.14), was the sulfate ion in the mass analyzed in Darvish Babylon station in the eastern region. The results were also indicative of the increase in chemical density and the decrease in quality of the well water in Mazandaran plain at all piezometric stations.

Population growth and pollution caused by discharges of urban waste water types, industry and agriculture, landfill leachate sites, runoff contamination of surface water resources have led to the increase in pollution and limitation of water resources. Water quality monitoring will improve not only water quality, but also the economic value of water in the production process and is considered an important factor in reducing production costs and water in the studies of hydrology and water resources in addition to water quantity. The overall water quality in terms of agriculture, drinking, industry and the like are examined. In April 2011, Ebn Hesam Khosf River in southern Khorasan (Birjand) was carried out done. In the study area, water quality parameters such as pH, temperature, total hardness, Calcium, Sulfate, Nitrite and Alkafot P and M were measured. The results showed that the amount of Nitrite is more than the limit, 0.024 milligrams per liter and the pH value of 5.8 and river water is less than the limit. It seems that the reason behind these changes in water quality of river water is the flow of the domestic sewage into the river.

Applying modern technologies to collect and process information and using technologies such as remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) play an important role in planning and management of water resources in soil and water resource management. GIS and RS are used in the simulation geometry of geographicallylimited watersheds and catchment areas in a way which is highly accurate. In this study, GIS and RS methods were utilizedto provide basic studies of the water system of Bahadoran city. This area has an annual steady decline of about 73 cm and a negative balance of groundwater which is 2/15 million cm3. In this paper, hydrological parameters such as shape, area and perimeter of a catchment area, its main channel length and slope, the height and the appearance of the basin were investigated using ArcGis9.3 software and the DEM map of the area was prepared using IDW method. Moreover, the fault zone and vegetation cover were identified using RS. The results of this study are indicative of the high capability of these sciences in accelerating and high accuracy in extracting the catchment area parameters.

Zabol city is located in eastern Iran, in a desert area with low rainfall (50 mm annually). Because it is located in Hirmand river estuary, its natural shelving is zero, and as a result, there is an unnatural drainage in this city. In addition, this city is exposed to local winds in summer and a dense dusty storm blow the city, when Hamoon Lake is drought. The creation of Zabol city dates back to 150 years ago when two villages of Hossein Abad & Nosrat Abad coalesced, without any prospect of future events and environmental conditions. This has led to the building of narrow and one-way streets in the city center. Finally, urban environment in Zabol is affected by four factors such as; Hirmand river, Hamoon lake, Local winds (120 days) and the flattened plain. This research investigates the challenges of urban environment in Zabol city and it aims to explain these challenges. Research methods in this article are descriptive-analytic and library data, observation and questionnaire were utilized.

Phosphorus is an essential element for the growth of plants and animals that transfer to rivers, reservoirs and other water sources, leaving a negative effect on theirs quality. That's why over the past few decades much attention was given to soil erosion as an important source of phosphorus diffusion in water. Eutrophication is one of the basic problems of water resources management in recent decades. The basic reason for this phenomenon is the high concentration of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus in water. In recent decades, the integration of distributed mathematical models was utilized to calculate and predict the transport of phosphorus from watersheds. In this research, WetSpa model was used to simulate the phosphorus load in Karaj watershed. Hydrometeorological data including precipitation data, temperature and evaporation data, discharge and phosphorus concentration (in Hydrometry station Sira) from 1999- 2005 were used as the input for calibration and validation. Result of the simulations shows a good agreement between calculated and measured graphs at the outlet of the basin (Nash- Sutcliffe efficiency is 62.7 % for calibration).

Simulation and evaluation of river sediment is important in water resources management. The common ways of measuring the sediment concentration are generally time consuming and costly. Moreover, they sometimes do not possess sufficient accuracy. In this study, the sediment of the Garm Roud river was estimated using artificial neural network and the results were compared via common statistical procedures e.g., multivariate linear regression. River discharge parameter on a monthly time scale in the period (1990 to 2001) and the sedimentation rate were taken as input and output, respectively. Correlation coefficient, root mean square error and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient were utilized to evaluate and compare the performance of models. The results showed that both models used to estimate discharge had acceptable accuracy, but the ANN model with the highest correlation (0.894), minimum root mean square error (0.062 ton/day) and Nash Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.756 was prioritized in the verification phase. The results showed that the artificial neural network had a high ability to estimate the minimum and maximum values of sedimentation rate.

SWAT model is used to predict the effects of management methods on water cycle, erosion simulation and agricultural chemicals transfer in vast and complex catchment areas. The main objective of this study was to test the SWAT model performance and usage in simulating the runoff flow in areas with different scales. In distributed and semi- distributed models such as SWAT,before calibration, it is necessary to identify parameters that are sensitive to obtain a better output. Therefore, sensitivity analysis was performed using SUFI2 method. In order to evaluate the performance of the model in simulating the runoff flows of different catchment scales, the calibration model was conducted for four stations: Karehsang, Razan, Chelav and Panjab from 1995 to2004 and the model was evaluated from 2005to 2009. To evaluate the ability of the SWAT model in simulating runoff, 3 indices, namely R2, NS, and MSE were used. The results of calibration and validation showed that Karehsang station with an area of 3285 km2. and the coefficients of 0.80-0.87, 0.77-0.75 and 93.20-71.10 had the highest accuracy, respectively. Also, Panjab station, with an area of 130 km2 and the coefficients of 0.68-0.75, 0.55-0.70 and 7.2 67.0 had the lowest accuracy, respectively. The overall results showed that the model has good performance for estimating the runoff.

The evaluation of climatic impacts on groundwater level in dry and wet periods is very important for the optimum management of water resources and prevention of crisis caused by droughts. In this study, the relationship between rainfall variations and groundwater level oscillations in Gowhar- Kuh plain has been investigated. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation variations, while the standardized water table index (SWTI) has been developed to assess groundwater level fluctuations. The correlation and time delay between SPI and quantitative parameters of groundwater status (water table elevation and SWTI) has been calculated using modified cross correlation function (MCCF). This method allowed the calculation of cross correlation between unequal length time series. The results are indicative of a high correlation coefficient (0.9) on long time scales with a time delay of about 7 to 8 years.

Zarin Abad plain is located in Zanjan province in the western part of Iran. In this study, spatial analysis was used to interpret some of the chemical parameters of groundwater samples collected from the unconfinedaquifer. For this reason, groundwater samples (61) were collected from groundwater monitoring wells to investigate the characteristics of groundwater quality. Maps showing the geographical distribution of hydrochemical parameters were prepared and the impact of various geological formations on the groundwater quality in the region is considered. High values of EC value in the western parts of the plain could be associated with the lithological formations composed of marls and evaporates. Based on SAR values, it is concluded that the majority of groundwater samples is relatively suitable for irrigation use. Analysis of the spatial coherence of the variables was performed using the selected models and the Kriging, Co-Kriging and Inverse Weighted Distance (IWD) methods were ultimately used to decipher the spatial variation of the parameters. The results obtained through these methods were compared by root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). It was found that the Co-Kriging model is the most optimal technique, for studying the spatial distribution in groundwater quality parameters.